Unraveling our island tapestry of names and places

Our Island Tapestry of Names and Places -

 In this episode we are going to journey through the captivating linguistic and cultural landscape of Norfolk Island, unraveling the rich history embedded within our unique placenames and naming customs.

To touch upon the stories behind these names, we’ll discuss how they reflect the island's complex past, its sustainable practices, and the enduring strength of its cultural identity. Upon arrival onto the island as a visitor you’ll receive an island map featuring mostly English names of streets and locations.

Within our Norfolk Island community, we also have a number of ‘unofficial maps’ such as the one compiled by the late Mera Martin which illustrates an entirely distinct system of naming. It’s differences include the fact that there are far more Norf’k names than English ones and the Norf’k names often differ from the official names. For example, Rooty Hill Road is House Roed, Middlegate Road is Store Roed, the airport is Ar Droem or Ar Strip.

The actual number of names of places on Norfolk Island is very large for an island of only about 40 square kilometres.
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The placenames of Norfolk Island form an intricate tapestry of linguistic and cultural history, with roots tracing back to multiple eras of settlement. The island's nomenclature was influenced by European explorers & scholars, primarily Captain Cook and Hunter, who bestowed the first colonial names upon various locations. These early designations lay a foundation of mapping the island's geography.

However, the linguistic landscape of Norfolk Island underwent a significant transformation with the arrival of the Pitcairners in 1856. Our community brought with them a unique cultural heritage that would profoundly influence the island's naming conventions. The existing colonial names were overlayed with our own designations, often derived from personal experiences, family histories, or observations of the land.

This rich and diverse set of placenames reflect the complex history of the island itself with many of these names being deeply ingrained in our daily lives and used frequently in conversations conducted in Norf'k, our local language.

Dr Joshua Nash's book, 'Norfolk Island Placenames' represents a contribution to the preservation and understanding of the island's linguistic heritage. His work aimed to compile and document a wide array of placenames, many of which had never before been presented on official maps.

Placenames on Norfolk Island are far more than mere geographical markers; they embody the island's rich cultural heritage, historical narrative, and the deep connection between its people and the land.

>> Ft. audio snippets: George 'Toofie' Christian's 'Bridle Track', a small grouping of community interviews by Joshua Nash in 2009 & an old recording of Queen Elizabeth's visit to the island in 1974.

Sponsored by Baunti Tours. 

Untold Norfolk Island Travel Podcast Series - Sponsored by Baunti Tours www.bauntitours.com

Transcript

Welcome to Episode 8 of the Untold Norfolk Island travel podcast series.

My name is Jodie Williams and as a Norfolk Islander & Churchill Fellow, I am your ‘on island’ podcast host.

Audio - first verse of ‘The Bridle Track’ by George ‘Toofie’ Christian.

You have just heard a snippet of the song “Bridle Track” as composed and sung by Norfolk Islander, guitarist and singer/songwriter, George ‘Toofie’ Christian. This song is one from his album Pilli Lornga NI which means 'sticking to' in the Norf’k language.

Our Island Tapestry of Names and Places

In this episode we are going to journey through the captivating linguistic and cultural landscape of Norfolk Island, unraveling the rich history embedded within our unique placenames and naming customs.

To touch upon the stories behind these names, we’ll discuss how they reflect the island's complex past, its sustainable practices, and the enduring strength of its cultural identity. Upon arrival onto the island as a visitor you’ll receive an island map featuring mostly English names of streets and locations.

Within our Norfolk Island community, we also have a number of ‘unofficial maps’ such as the one compiled by the late Mera Martin which illustrates an entirely distinct system of naming. It’s differences include the fact that there are far more Norf’k names than English ones and the Norf’k names often differ from the official names. For example, Rooty Hill Road is House Roed, Middlegate Road is Store Roed, the airport is Ar Droem or Ar Strip.

The actual number of names of places on Norfolk Island is very large for an island of only about 40 square kilometres.

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The Origins of Norfolk Island Placenames
The placenames of Norfolk Island form an intricate tapestry of linguistic and cultural history, with roots tracing back to multiple eras of settlement. The island's nomenclature was influenced by European explorers & scholars, primarily Captain Cook and Hunter, who bestowed the first colonial names upon various locations. These early designations lay a foundation of mapping the island's geography.

However, the linguistic landscape of Norfolk Island underwent a significant transformation with the arrival of the Pitcairners in 1856. Our community brought with them a unique cultural heritage that would profoundly influence the island's naming conventions. The existing colonial names were overlayed with our own designations, often derived from personal experiences, family histories, or observations of the land.

This rich and diverse set of placenames reflect the complex history of the island itself with many of these names being deeply ingrained in our daily lives and used frequently in conversations conducted in Norf'k, our local language.

Dr Joshua Nash's book, ‘Norfolk Island Placenames’ represents a contribution to the preservation and understanding of the island's linguistic heritage. His work aimed to compile and document a wide array of placenames, many of which had never before been presented on official maps. The book serves several purposes in the context of Norfolk Island's cultural landscape:

Firstly, it acts as a vital repository of local knowledge, capturing placenames that might otherwise may be lost to time. Many of these names are known only within certain families or small community groups, making their documentation all the more critical. By recording these names, Nash has created a valuable resource for future generations of Norfolk Islanders and researchers alike.

Secondly, the book provides historical context for many of the placenames, offering insights into their origins, meanings, and the stories behind them.

Lastly, Nash's work serves as a foundation for further research and community engagement. By presenting this information in an accessible format, the book invites readers to contribute their own knowledge, corrections, and additional placenames.  This collaborative approach acknowledges the dynamic nature of language and place-naming, encouraging ongoing dialogue and documentation within the community.

The book aims to compile the histories of many placenames that have not previously been presented on maps, providing a base upon which people can build, expand, and correct the presented information, histories, and place locations.

A short snippet of interviews at a community meeting in 2009 as captured by Josh Nash in his research for his Placenames book.   

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During the early penal settlement periods, placenames documented on maps of this era often reflected the harsh realities of colonial life. An example  includes:

• Bloody Bridge: Bloody Bridge is an example of a Second Settlement name that continues to be used on the island. The name refers to a large convict built stone bridge near where Music Valley is located at the beginning of the descent up Driver Christian Road in the island’s south east. It is the purported site of the massacre of an overseer by convicts, who walled the overseer’s body into the bridge, being discovered only when the blood of the slain man seeped through the stonework.

With the arrival and settlement of the Pitcairners in 1856 the significant shift in the island's nomenclature, the distinctive Norf'k language became an integral part of place-naming on the island. This linguistic integration resulted in a unique blend of English, Tahitian, and distinctly local elements in many placenames.

This evolution of placenames on Norfolk Island showcases how language and naming conventions can serve as a mirror to historical and cultural changes. The transition from penal colony-era names to those influenced by the Pitcairners and the Norf'k language illustrates the island's journey from a place of punishment to a home for a distinct cultural community.   

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Placenames on Norfolk Island are far more than mere geographical markers; they embody the island's rich cultural heritage, historical narrative, and the deep connection between its people and the land. These names serve multiple crucial functions within the community:
+ Linguistic Heritage
As many placenames incorporate elements of the Norf'k language, this contributes to the preservation and everyday use of the language whilst maintaining the vitality of Norf'k in daily life.
* Spiritual Connection
Certain placenames hold spiritual significance, marking sites of cultural or religious importance.
* Environmental Knowledge
Placenames often encode valuable environmental information, such as the locations of resources, fishing grounds, or areas of ecological significance. This embedded knowledge supports sustainable practices and traditional ways of life.
* Cultural Memory
Placenames act as repositories of cultural memory, encapsulating stories, events, and traditions that have shaped the island's identity. They provide a tangible link to the past, helping to preserve and transmit cultural knowledge across generations.

One such historic event was the visit to the island in 1974 by Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth - To commemorate this visit Queen Elizabeth was invited to unveil a plaque to formally name : the Queen Elizabeth lookout - which overlooks the Kingston area.

An audio snippet of Queen Elizabeth’s visit to the island in 1974.      
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Understanding the multifaceted nature of Norfolk Island's placenames requires looking beyond their surface meanings. Each name is a thread in the intricate tapestry of the island's cultural fabric, weaving together history, language, spirituality, and environmental wisdom.

Out ar Station
This name refers to the area in the far north west of Norfolk where a telecommunications cable station was set up by Australia Telecom around World War II. Pulpit Rock, a name for the rock formation on the beach at Anson Bay, which resembles a church pulpit, used to be much larger but the pulpit was damaged when used as a guide for hauling the large ANZCAN cable up the steep hill at Anson Bay. ‘Out ar Station’ refers to the land from the Anson Bay area and the end of Bullocks Hut Road all the way to the end of Fishermans Lane at Point Vincent in the extreme north west of Norfolk.

Store Road
This is the Norf’k name for Middlegate Road. Store Road is named such as the road leads down to the Commissariat Store in Kingston.

Up in a Stick
Up in a Stick is any area up towards the mountain areas and the underlying valleys which are wooded and full of bush or sticks. Local Islanders would go ‘up in a stick’ for guavas, palm leaves, mountain rush, mountain lemons, to walk, to plant, to garden or to play.
Up in a Stick is not only a placename but also an important spatial descriptor of direction on Norfolk.

Dar Cabbage
A waterfall once ran down the cliff face under which wild edible cabbages once grew. This waterfall has not run for a long time and the cabbages are no longer there but the name remains. Dar Cabbage or The Cabbage is a favourite fishing spot for families out at Steels Point on the east coast of Norfolk. When Islanders say there is ‘wind in ar Cabbage’ it is the prevailing easterly wind, which stays a long time and is not good for fishing. ‘Wind in ar Cabbage’ also dries out crops.

Dar Cord
Known in earlier times as The Cordline because the rock pools in The Cord were accessed by climbing down a rope. The name was abbreviated to The Cord. The Cord pools are popular for swimming and rock fishing and they comprise some of Norfolk’s most beautiful views along the north coast.

Dar Melky Tree/The Milky Tree
A well-known tree just past the large gas containers at Ball Bay. Dar Melky Tree or The Milky Tree is very white and grows right down to the water. This landmark, which can be clearly seen from offshore, is used to line up the offshore fishing ground Out orn ar Melky Tree.
There are more than 70 remembered fishing grounds around Norfolk and probably many more which have been forgotten.

God’s Country
God’s Country is a general term often used in good-natured ribbing. If one Norfolk Islander talks to another about where on Norfolk they live, you will often hear them talk about God’s Country. It is a long-running joke, a subtle jibe and a reference  to the fact that they live in the best part of the island. But the irony is that God’s Country is no particular place at all.
If you grew up at Steels Point, then that is God’s Country. If you then moved to Shortridge, then funnily enough, that is God’s Country too. At the end of the day, all Islanders agree that Norfolk is God’s Country.

Because God’s Country is actually all of Norfolk.

A short snippet of interviews at a community meeting in 2009 as captured by Josh Nash in his research for his Placenames book. 
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The continued use and preservation of these names is vital for maintaining the island's unique cultural identity and the deep connection between its people and their environment.   

The placenames of Norfolk Island represent a living cultural heritage that continues to evolve while maintaining strong ties to the past. Many placenames are preserved and shared by our elders through oral tradition. Stories associated with specific locations are known within families and the broader community, ensuring that the names and their meanings are passed down through generations. This oral tradition keeps the placenames alive and relevant, allowing them to adapt subtly over time while retaining their core cultural significance.

By preserving and understanding these placenames, as a community we maintain a connection to traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable practices. This connection not only helps in preserving the island's unique environment but also reinforces the community's role as custodians of their land. The environmental wisdom encoded in these names serves as a guide for sustainable living, helping to ensure that the island's natural beauty and resources are preserved for future generations.

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Placenames in Cultural Revitalization Efforts
Placenames play a crucial role in cultural revitalization efforts on Norfolk Island, serving as powerful tools for reconnecting younger generations with their heritage and strengthening community identity. These efforts manifest in various ways:

Signage and Directional Markers on Norfolk Island
Navigating Norfolk Island involves encountering a variety of signage and directional markers that reflect the island's unique cultural and linguistic heritage. These signs play a crucial role in orienting visitors while also serving as visible reminders of the island's bilingual nature.
Bilingual Signage
Many signs on Norfolk Island feature both English and Norf'k languages, showcasing the island's linguistic diversity. This bilingual approach not only aids in navigation but also promotes the preservation and visibility of the Norf'k language.
Types of Signs
Visitors will encounter various types of signs, including directional arrows at intersections, detailed information boards at tourist attractions, and markers for public spaces like beaches and parks. These signs often provide practical information such as opening hours, safety tips and available amenities.
Maintenance Challenges
It's important to note that maintaining signage on a small island can be challenging. Some signs may be faded, damaged, or outdated. Visitors are encouraged to cross-reference signs with other resources like maps or local knowledge for the most accurate information.

Understanding Norfolk Island's signage system enhances the visitor experience while also providing insight into the island's efforts to balance modern navigational needs with cultural preservation. The presence of Norf'k language on signs serves as a constant reminder of the island's unique heritage, inviting visitors to engage with its linguistic traditions.

Navigating Norfolk Island: Tips for Visitors
Exploring Norfolk Island can be an enriching experience, but it requires a thoughtful approach to navigation. Here are some essential tips for visitors to help make the most of their time on the island while respecting local customs and geography:

Prepare Before You Go
Before your trip, familiarize yourself with a map of Norfolk Island. Note key landmarks, major roads, and points of interest. This preliminary research will give you a general sense of the island's layout and help you orient yourself upon arrival.
Utilize Multiple Resources
Combine different navigation tools for the best experience. Use tourist maps, guidebooks, and digital apps, but be prepared for potential GPS inconsistencies in remote areas. Physical maps can be particularly useful as backup.
Observe Local Signage
Pay attention to local signs and markers. Remember that some may be in both English and Norf'k. If you're unsure about a sign's meaning, don't hesitate to ask a local for clarification.
Respect Private Property
Be mindful of private property boundaries. Some areas may not be clearly marked, so when in doubt, stick to public roads and designated tourist areas.

By following these tips, visitors can navigate Norfolk Island more effectively while also gaining a deeper appreciation for its unique geography and culture. Remember that part of the island's charm lies in its small size and close-knit community, so embrace the opportunity to explore at a relaxed pace as you engage with the local environment and people.
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Nicknames and Identification Tags
The names by which Norfolk Islanders are referred to among themselves are significantly different. Hearing someone referred to as ‘Jackie Ralph’ or ‘Girlie Reuben’, is often mistaken as the second part of their name being their surname. This is not the case.
Norfolk Islanders often refer to each other using nicknames or identification tags attached to their Christian names. This practice creates a sense of familiarity and belonging within the community.

Marital Naming Conventions
Married women are often referred to by combining their Christian name with their husband's name or nickname. This practice underscores the importance of family relationships in the community. Examples include:
• "Suse Dave" - Susan, the wife of Dave
• "Jane Tanoo" - Jane, wife of Tanoo (John Quintal)
These naming conventions serve multiple purposes within the Norfolk Island community. They help identify individuals within a small population where many may share similar names, reflect family relationships and lineages, and maintain a sense of cultural continuity.

Naming Practices for Unmarried Individuals and Men
The naming conventions on Norfolk Island extend beyond married women, encompassing unique practices for unmarried individuals and men.

Unmarried Women and Men
Unmarried individuals often have their father's Christian name attached to theirs. This practice helps identify a person's lineage and family connections. Examples include:
• "Girlie Reuben" - Girlie, Reuben's daughter
• "Ena Ette" - Ette's daughter (nickname used only in the Christian family)
• "Helen Lindsay" - Helen, Lindsay's daughter
• "Harry Cornish" - Harry, the son of Cornish Quintal
Naming Men After Women
Interestingly, men can also be named in reference to their wives, reflecting a sense of equality in the naming conventions. Examples include:
• "Charlie Con" - Charlie, Con's husband

These naming practices serve several important functions within Norfolk Island society. They help maintain clear family identities in a small community, reinforce the importance of lineage and family connections, and reflect the unique cultural heritage of the island.

For visitors and newcomers, understanding these naming conventions is key to navigating social interactions and appreciating the depth of relationships within the Norfolk Island community.

The Tradition of Adopting Captains' Names
A fascinating aspect of Norfolk Island's naming traditions is the practice of adopting the names of visiting ship captains or their wives as middle names. This custom, which originated on Pitcairn Island and continued on Norfolk Island, reflects the islanders' connection to maritime history.
Pitcairn Island Origins
The tradition began on Pitcairn Island, with examples dating back to the early 19th century:
• Mayhew Young (1823) - named after Captain Mayhew Folger of the American sealer Topaz, which visited in 1808
• George Edwin Coffin Nobbs (1843) - after Captain George Coffin
• Gilbert Warren Fysh Adams (1845) - after Captain Fysh who visited in 1841
Continuation on Norfolk Island
The practice continued after the Pitcairners moved to Norfolk Island in 1856:
• Fairfax Leslie Quintal (Pa Les) (1882) - named after Rear Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby who visited Pitcairn in 1852
• William Hadley Fremantle Edwards (Ikey Bob) (1908) - named after Stephen G. Fremantle, Captain of HMS Juno, sent to Pitcairn in 1855

Family Naming Practices: A Case Study
To further illustrate the complexity and richness of Norfolk Island's naming conventions, let's examine some specifics about my own maternal grandmother's family, where the paternal name became the identifier.
In my family, my great-grandfather's name, Andrew Johnstone Nash Christian, was used as an identifier for his wife and sons:
• Emily Sarah (his wife) was known as "Mum Nash" or "Em Nash"
• Their son Allen Charles Christian was called "Allen Nash"
• Another son, Alex, was referred to as "Alex Nash"

Significance of This Practice
This naming convention serves several purposes:
• It clearly identifies individuals as part of a specific family group
• It maintains a connection to paternal or maternal lineage
• It simplifies identification in a small community where many may share similar names

This case study demonstrates how Norfolk Island's naming practices go beyond simple identification to create a complex web of familial and community connections. The use of the father's name as an identifier for both his wife and children reinforces the importance of family units within the island's social structure. It also highlights how these naming conventions can vary between families, adding another layer of complexity to the island's rich cultural tapestry.

Understanding these nuanced naming practices is crucial for anyone seeking to fully appreciate the depth of Norfolk Island's cultural heritage and the intricate social bonds that tie its community together.

Audio - last verse of ‘The Bridle Track’ by George ‘Toofie’ Christian.

Preserving Norfolk Island's Naming Heritage
As we conclude our exploration of Norfolk Island's unique placenames and naming conventions, it's crucial to consider the importance of preserving this rich linguistic and cultural heritage. These naming practices are not just quaint traditions; they are living embodiments of the island's history, culture, and identity.
    
Efforts to preserve these naming traditions should be multifaceted, involving education, documentation, and active use within the community. Education plays a vital role by incorporating local naming practices into curriculums. Community projects to map and record placenames can engage multiple generations in preserving this knowledge. Additionally, encouraging the use of traditional names in official contexts and everyday conversation can help ensure their continued relevance.

As Norfolk Island navigates the challenges of the modern world, maintaining these unique naming practices will be crucial in preserving its distinct cultural identity. 

By valuing and actively preserving these traditions, we can ensure that future generations will continue to benefit from this rich linguistic and cultural heritage, keeping our unique identity alive in an increasingly globalised world.

Thanks so much for joining me this week!